Why Are Photometers Used for Air Filter Testing?

The American Filtration & Separations Society published this blog post by TSI Senior Applications Engineer Tim Johnson in November 2018. Republished with permission from AFS.

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Although photometers don’t count particles, measure mass or give size resolved (fractional) efficiency results, they are still widely used as detectors for testing air filters. Why? The reason has as much to do with the limitations of other techniques as it does with advantages of using photometers.

All counting techniques are limited by problems associated with measuring high concentrations. Coincidence (multiple particles being detected at the same time) causes under-counting of particles, and with optical particle counters it also results in sizing errors. When coincidence is ignored it is not unusual for negative efficiencies (penetrations over 100%) to be reported. To have a measurable concentration downstream of a filter, especially a high efficiency filter, a high concentration upstream of a filter is desirable. When measuring with a particle counter, this often requires a diluter or a long sampling time downstream of the filter. It is important to remember that because of the different detection techniques, and the different effective size ranges, that the efficiency and penetration values will be different for different techniques.

Photometers measure total light scatter and have a very large dynamic range. While photometers are very sensitive for low concentrations, high concentrations also can be measured easily. A high concentration results in a larger upstream signal. Since penetration is downstream signal divided by upstream signal, having a large upstream signal allows for measurement of lower penetrations (and higher efficiencies). At the particle concentrations typically used when testing with Photometers, efficiencies up to five nines (99.999%) and beyond are possible. In addition, these tests can be performed fast and used in production inline testing.

Measuring high concentrations with photometers is also an advantage for loading tests. Loading a filter is important when trying to determine the usable life of a filter. Loading sometimes improves the filter efficiency but can also have the opposite effect. As this can be different for different types of particles (liquid droplets or solid particles), media material (woven or non-woven), and charge effects (such as electrostatic), the loading behavior must be studied and is typically part of certification criteria.

Air filter efficiency varies with particle size. Of particular interest is the efficiency in the region of the MPPS (most penetrating particle size). Filter testers that use photometers as detectors use polydisperse particle distributions generated by atomizers as their source of particles, and these are in the general size range of the MPPS of typical air filters. This size range is also similar to outdoor ambient particle size distributions, so testing in this size range gives a good indication of how filters will work in the real world.

TSI's Automated Filter Tester 8130A uses a dual photometer system to measure more reliably. Click here to learn more.

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As Senior Applications Engineer for TSI Incorporated, Tim Johnson is responsible for training in particle instruments used in detecting, sizing and measuring concentrations of particles in the air.  He is a former AFS board member and is an instructor for the Air Filtration Basics course. He is active with ASHRAE as a member of the Particulate Contaminants/Removal Equipment Committee and with the Society of Automotive Engineers, where he has participated in filtration standards development for automobiles and jet aircraft engines. He is a member of the ISO/TC142, where he is an expert in WG3 (General ventilation filters) and is the convenor of WG11 (Portable room air cleaners for comfort applications).

TSI Senior Applications Engineer Tim Johnson

 

Editorial assistance by Barry Perlmutter, President, BHS Sonthofen

Republished with permission of AFS.